Journal: Molecular cancer

Article Title: Mahanine restores RASSF1A expression by down-regulating DNMT1 and DNMT3B in prostate cancer cells.

doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-99

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 1 Mahanine restores RASSF1A expression by demethylating its promoter and all three DNMTs control RASSF1A expression. A. PC3 cells were treated with DMSO control or 10 μM mahanine for 1 and 3 days. Methylation-specific PCR was performed to detect the methylated (M) and un-methylated (UM) status of RASSF1A promoter. B. PC3 cells were treated with DMSO control or 10 μM mahanine for 1 and 3 days, following which RASSF1A expression was assessed by RT-PCR. GAPDH was used as an internal control. C. PC3 cells were transfected with shRNA for DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B or scrambled shRNA. Forty-eight hours after transfection, cells were harvested for RT-PCR analyses to assess RASSF1A expression. GAPDH was used as an internal control. For DNMT3A, two shRNAs were used to confirm the result. D. BPH1 cells were transfected with expression vectors of DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B or empty vector control. Forty-eight hours after transfection cells were collected for RT-PCR analyses to determine RASSF1A, DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B expression levels. GAPDH was used as an internal control.

Article Snippet: After blocking (0.2% BSA) cells were incubated with the primary antibodies (DNMT1, DNM T3A or DNMT3B #Sc376043 from Santa Cruz Biotechnology) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with the Alexa Fluor 488 or 594 conjugated secondary antibodies (Molecular probes/Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) for 1 hour.

Techniques: Expressing, Control, Methylation, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Transfection, shRNA, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: Molecular cancer

Article Title: Mahanine restores RASSF1A expression by down-regulating DNMT1 and DNMT3B in prostate cancer cells.

doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-99

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 2 Mahanine specifically down-regulates DNMT1 and DNMT3B. A. DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B cellular localization was visualized by immunofluorescent staining. PC3 cells were treated with DMSO (as control) or mahanine (10 μM) for 24 hours, following which they were fixed in methanol, incubated with the indicated antibodies, stained with Alexa Fluor 488-tagged secondary antibodies and counterstained with propidium iodide. Slides were then mounted and examined under a fluorescence microscope. The bright field images of PC3 cells treated with DMSO or mahanine (10 μM) for 24 hours are shown (right panel). B. Cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions were separated from PC3 cells treated with DMSO or 10 μM mahanine for 24 hours. The isolated fractions were subjected to Western blot analysis to assess DNMT expression. The fold change in the expression of the respective DNMTs as compared to the control is indicated at the bottom of each immunoblot. Nucleolin and β-actin were used as loading controls for the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions, respectively. C. PC3 and LNCaP cells were treated as indicated with DMSO or mahanine following which cells were lysed and the extracts were subjected to Western blot analysis to detect DNMT1, DNMT3B and DNMT3A protein levels (left). Quantitative estimations of the relative levels of DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B proteins were determined by densitometric measurements of immunoblots from three independent experiments after normalization with β-actin (right). Columns, mean; bars, SEM. *p < 0.05, significantly different from control. D. PC3 and LNCaP cells were treated with DMSO or 10 and 20 μM mahanine, respectively for 24 hours. Subsequently, cells were harvested for RT-PCR analysis to measure DNMT1 and DNMT3B expression. GAPDH was used as an internal control.

Article Snippet: After blocking (0.2% BSA) cells were incubated with the primary antibodies (DNMT1, DNM T3A or DNMT3B #Sc376043 from Santa Cruz Biotechnology) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with the Alexa Fluor 488 or 594 conjugated secondary antibodies (Molecular probes/Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) for 1 hour.

Techniques: Staining, Control, Incubation, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Isolation, Western Blot, Expressing, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: Molecular cancer

Article Title: Mahanine restores RASSF1A expression by down-regulating DNMT1 and DNMT3B in prostate cancer cells.

doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-99

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 3 Mahanine degrades DNMTs via the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway. A. PC3 cells were treated with 10 μM mahanine and 20 μM Z-VAD-FMK for 24 hours after which cellular protein lysates were subjected to Western blot analysis to detect DNMT1 and DNMT3B protein levels, β-actin was used as a loading control. B. Chymotrypsin-like proteasomal activity was measured in PC3 cells treated as indicated with mahanine and MG132 for 24 hours. Columns, mean; bars, SEM. *p < 0.05, significantly different from DMSO control. C. LNCaP and PC3 cells were treated with the indicated doses of mahanine for 24 hours with or without MG132 (5 μM). Cell lysates were analyzed for DNMT1 and DNMT3B expression by Western blot. β-actin was used as a loading control. D. PC3 cells were treated with MG132 (5 μM) in the absence and presence of mahanine (10 μM) for 24 hours. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation (IP) of DNMT1 or DNMT3B and immunoblotted (IB) for poly-ubiquitin, DNMT1 and DNMT3B.

Article Snippet: After blocking (0.2% BSA) cells were incubated with the primary antibodies (DNMT1, DNM T3A or DNMT3B #Sc376043 from Santa Cruz Biotechnology) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with the Alexa Fluor 488 or 594 conjugated secondary antibodies (Molecular probes/Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) for 1 hour.

Techniques: Ubiquitin Proteomics, Western Blot, Control, Activity Assay, Expressing, Immunoprecipitation

Journal: Molecular cancer

Article Title: Mahanine restores RASSF1A expression by down-regulating DNMT1 and DNMT3B in prostate cancer cells.

doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-99

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4 Mahanine down-regulates pAkt levels and PI3K/Akt inhibitor wortmannin reduces DNMT1 and DNMT3B protein levels. A. PC3 and LNCaP cells were treated with mahanine as indicated. The cell lysates were subjected to Western blot analysis for phospho Akt (pAkt), total Akt. Β-actin was used as a loading control. B. PC3 and LNCaP cells were treated with wortmannin (1 μM) for 24 hours. Cell lysates were subjected to Western blot analysis to measure DNMT1, DNMT3B, pAkt and total Akt levels. β-actin was used as a loading control. The fold change in expression of the respective proteins compared to control is indicated below. C. PC3 cells were treated with DMSO or wortmannin (1 μM) for 24 hours. DNMT1 and DNMT3B cellular localization was visualized by immunofluorescent staining. After 24h of treatment, cells were fixed in methanol, incubated with the indicated antibodies, stained with Alexa Fluor 594-tagged secondary antibodies and counterstained with DAPI. Slides were then mounted and examined under a fluorescence microscope. The bright field images of PC3 cells treated with DMSO or wortmannin (1 μM) for 24 hours are shown (right panel).

Article Snippet: After blocking (0.2% BSA) cells were incubated with the primary antibodies (DNMT1, DNM T3A or DNMT3B #Sc376043 from Santa Cruz Biotechnology) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with the Alexa Fluor 488 or 594 conjugated secondary antibodies (Molecular probes/Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) for 1 hour.

Techniques: Western Blot, Control, Expressing, Staining, Incubation, Fluorescence, Microscopy

Journal: Molecular cancer

Article Title: Mahanine restores RASSF1A expression by down-regulating DNMT1 and DNMT3B in prostate cancer cells.

doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-99

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 5 Mahanine disrupts the interaction of pAkt with DNMT1 and DNMT3B and constitutively active Akt (CA-Akt) stabilizes their cellular levels in the presence of mahanine. A. and B. LNCaP cells were treated with MG132 with or without 20 μM mahanine for 24 hours and the cell homogenates were subjected to co-immunoprecipitation (IP) for DNMT1 or DNMT3B and immunoblotted (IB) for phosphor-serine (pSer), pAkt, total Akt, DNMT1 and DNMT3B. C. BPH1 cells were transfected with an empty vector or a constitutively active Akt (CA-Akt) expression vector for 24 hours then were treated with or without mahanine (10 μM) for another 24 hours. Levels of total Akt, pAkt, DNMT1 and DNMT3B proteins were measured through Western blots. β-actin was used as a loading control. Quantitative estimations of relative levels of DNMT1 and DNMT3B proteins were determined by densitometric measurements of immunoblots from three independent experiments after normalization with β-actin. Columns, mean; bars, SEM. *p < 0.05, significantly different from DMSO treated control.

Article Snippet: After blocking (0.2% BSA) cells were incubated with the primary antibodies (DNMT1, DNM T3A or DNMT3B #Sc376043 from Santa Cruz Biotechnology) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with the Alexa Fluor 488 or 594 conjugated secondary antibodies (Molecular probes/Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) for 1 hour.

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Expressing, Western Blot, Control

Journal: Molecular cancer

Article Title: Mahanine restores RASSF1A expression by down-regulating DNMT1 and DNMT3B in prostate cancer cells.

doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-99

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 6 Mahanine restores RASSF1A expression by degrading DNMTs via Akt. Prostate cancer cells express high levels of activated Akt, which phosphorylates and stabilizes DNMT1 and DNMT3B against proteasomal degradation. DNMTs enter the nucleus and methylate the promoter of RASSF1A gene to silence the expression of RASSF1A. Treatment of mahanine inhibits PDK1 and thereby prevents activation of Akt, which in turn compromises the stability of DNMTs, increases their ubiquitination and induces proteasomal degradation. In the absence of DNMT1 and DNMT3B, the RASSF1A promoter is demethylated and its expression is restored in prostate cancer cells. GF: Growth factor; RTK: Receptor tyrosine kinase; TFs: Transcription factors; P: Phosphorylated; M: Methylated; Ub: Ubiquitinated.

Article Snippet: After blocking (0.2% BSA) cells were incubated with the primary antibodies (DNMT1, DNM T3A or DNMT3B #Sc376043 from Santa Cruz Biotechnology) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with the Alexa Fluor 488 or 594 conjugated secondary antibodies (Molecular probes/Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) for 1 hour.

Techniques: Expressing, Activation Assay, Ubiquitin Proteomics, Methylation

Journal: Scientific reports

Article Title: Milk derived extracellular vesicle uptake in human microglia regulates the DNA methylation machinery : Short title: milk-derived extracellular vesicles and the epigenetic machinery.

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-79724-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4. The effects of milk-derived extracellular vesicles (MEVs) supplementation on baseline homeostatic human microglia clone 3 (HMC3) cells at 12 h post-supplementation. DNMT1 and miR-148-5P transcript levels (a), DNMT1 protein abundance (b) and DNMT enzymatic activity (c). Spearman correlations for DNMT1 levels and miR-148-5P levels (d), and DNMT enzymatic activity and DNMT1 protein level (e). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001. Error bars represent the Standard Error of Means (± SEM).

Article Snippet: The membranes were incubated with DNMT1 primary antibody (Proteintech; 24206-I-AP, 1:500, v: v, 1X TBST) overnight at 4 °C on a rocker.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Quantitative Proteomics, Activity Assay

Journal: Scientific reports

Article Title: Milk derived extracellular vesicle uptake in human microglia regulates the DNA methylation machinery : Short title: milk-derived extracellular vesicles and the epigenetic machinery.

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-79724-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 6. The effects of milk-derived extracellular vesicles (MEVs) on IFN-γ primed human microglia clone 3 (HMC3) cells at 12 h post-supplementation. DNMT1 and miR-148a-5P transcript levels (a), DNMT1 protein abundance (b), and DNMT enzymatic activity (c). Spearman correlations for DNMT1 levels and miR-148-5P levels (p < 0.05) (d), and DNMT enzymatic activity and DNMT1 protein level (p < 0.05) (e). P-MEV indicates primed cells that received MEVs. P-Ctrl is primed control cells. ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001. Error bars represent the Standard Error of Means (± SEM).

Article Snippet: The membranes were incubated with DNMT1 primary antibody (Proteintech; 24206-I-AP, 1:500, v: v, 1X TBST) overnight at 4 °C on a rocker.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Quantitative Proteomics, Activity Assay, Control

Journal: Scientific reports

Article Title: Milk derived extracellular vesicle uptake in human microglia regulates the DNA methylation machinery : Short title: milk-derived extracellular vesicles and the epigenetic machinery.

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-79724-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 7. The effects of milk-derived extracellular vesicles (MEVs) on primed human microglia clone 3 (HMC3) cells 9 h post-supplementation. DNMT1 and miR-148a-5P transcript levels (a), DNMT1 protein abundance (b), and DNMT enzymatic activity (c). Spearman correlations for DNMT1 levels relative to miR-148a-5P levels (p ≤ 0.05) (d), and DNMT enzymatic activity relative to DNMT1 protein level (A.U) (e). P-MEV indicates primed cells that received MEVs. P-Ctrl is primed control cells. ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001. Error bars represent the Standard Error of Means (± SEM).

Article Snippet: The membranes were incubated with DNMT1 primary antibody (Proteintech; 24206-I-AP, 1:500, v: v, 1X TBST) overnight at 4 °C on a rocker.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Quantitative Proteomics, Activity Assay, Control

Journal: Cancers

Article Title: Novel Quinoline Compounds Active in Cancer Cells through Coupled DNA Methyltransferase Inhibition and Degradation

doi: 10.3390/cancers12020447

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Left: Western blot analysis of DNMT1 and DNMT3A protein expression levels in HCT116 cells exposed for 24 h to the indicated concentrations of 2b or 4c . Control cells were treated with the same volume of vehicle (DMSO). GAPDH was used as loading control. Blots are representative of two independent experiments. Right: Densitometric analysis of protein levels is reported. ( B ) Left: Western blot analysis of DNMT1 and DNMT3A protein expression levels in HCT116 cells exposed for 24 h to 4c at 1 µM and co-treated with bortezomib (when indicated) used at 10 nM. Control cells were treated with the same volume of vehicle (DMSO). GAPDH was used as a loading control. Blots are representative of three independent experiments. Right: Densitometric analysis of protein levels is reported. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. Significance is represented as * p < 0.05 related to the control.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used for immunoblotting: α-DNMT1 (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO, USA). α-DNMT3a (SantaCruz Bio-technologies, CA, USA) and α-GAPDH (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA USA), used as a loading control.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Control

Journal: Journal of Cancer

Article Title: Hypermethylation of mitochondrial DNA facilitates bone metastasis of renal cell carcinoma

doi: 10.7150/jca.62278

Figure Lengend Snippet: mtDNA copy number and mitochondria DNMT1 expressions in BO and P RCC tumor specimens and cells. A. Relative mtDNA copy number in 15 pairs of BO and P specimens. B. Comparison of the average relative mtDNA copy number between the 15 cases. * P<0.05. C. Representative blots of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B in nuclear (Nucl) and mitochondrial (Mito) fractions of ACHN and OS-CR-2 cells. D. Semi-quantification of DNMT1 and DNMT3A in C. Expression was normalized to the respective internal reference markers (VDAC1 or Histone 3), protein expression in P cells was set as 1. * P<0.05.

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies against DNMT1 (Santa Cruz Biotech), DNMT3A (Abcam), DNMT3B (Abcam), GAPDH (Santa Cruz Biotech), VDAC1 (Abcam), and Histone 3 (Abcam) were used, donkey anti-rabbit/-mouse/-goat IgG (H&L) was used as second antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotech).

Techniques: Comparison, Expressing

Journal: Molecular Therapy. Nucleic Acids

Article Title: The roles of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation at short interspersed nuclear elements in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus during puberty

doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.07.006

Figure Lengend Snippet: DNA methylation of SINEs in Htr6 promoters and Htr6 expression (A and C) DNA methylation of two CpG islands at the Htr6 promoter affected by DNMT RNA interference in wild-type GT1-7 cells (A) and GT1-7 SINE-CpG-KO1 cells (C), as observed through the bisulfite pyrosequencing assay. (B) DNA methylation of SINEs at the Htr6 promoter affected by DNMT RNA interference, as determined through the bisulfite pyrosequencing assay. (D and E) The levels of mRNA (D) and protein (E) in Htr6 induced by DNMT1 RNA interference in wild-type GT1-7 cells and GT1-7 SINE-CpG-KO1 cells. (F) DNA methylation of two CpG islands at the Htr6 promoter affected by L-tryptophan in wild-type GT1-7 cells and GT1-7 SINE-CpG-KO1 cells, as determined through the bisulfite pyrosequencing assay. (G and H) The levels of mRNA (G) and protein (H) in Htr6 induced by L-tryptophan in wild-type GT1-7 cells and GT1-7 SINE-CpG-KO1 cells. si, siRNA; WT, wild-type GT1-7 cells; KO, GT1-7 SINE-CpG-KO1 cells; Try, L-tryptophan; 1–25, 25 CpG sites distributed within two CpG islands in the Htr6 promoter as detected in this study. The qPCR data are presented as the mean ± SEM of three separate experiments. ∗p < 0.05 in Student’s t test.

Article Snippet: The blocked membranes were then incubated with primary antibodies against Dnmt1 (1:2,000, NB100-56519, Novus Biologicals, Centennial, CO, USA), Htr6 (1:1,500, NBP1-46557, Novus), Kiss1 (1:2,000, NBP1-45672, Novus), and Gapdh (1:5,000, 5174, Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA, USA) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with the appropriate secondary antibodies (horseradish peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse diluted at 1:10,000 and donkey anti-rabbit diluted 1:5,000, Cell Signaling Technology) for 30 min at RT.

Techniques: DNA Methylation Assay, Expressing, Pyrosequencing Assay

Journal: Molecular Therapy. Nucleic Acids

Article Title: The roles of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation at short interspersed nuclear elements in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus during puberty

doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.07.006

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of NR5A2 on SINE methylation at the Htr6 promoter (A) DNA motif analysis of SINEs whose DNA methylation was positively correlated with transcription of adjacent genes using the JASPAR tool. (B) The occupancy of NR5A2 and DNMT1 on the Htr6 promoter in GT1-7 cells by ChIP-qPCR assay. ↑, ectopic overexpression; ↓, RNA interference. The qPCR data are presented as the mean ± SEM of three separate experiments. ∗p < 0.05 compared with L-tryptophan treatment. #p <0.05, representing significant differences between NR5A2 overexpression or blocking treatment.

Article Snippet: The blocked membranes were then incubated with primary antibodies against Dnmt1 (1:2,000, NB100-56519, Novus Biologicals, Centennial, CO, USA), Htr6 (1:1,500, NBP1-46557, Novus), Kiss1 (1:2,000, NBP1-45672, Novus), and Gapdh (1:5,000, 5174, Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA, USA) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with the appropriate secondary antibodies (horseradish peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse diluted at 1:10,000 and donkey anti-rabbit diluted 1:5,000, Cell Signaling Technology) for 30 min at RT.

Techniques: Methylation, DNA Methylation Assay, ChIP-qPCR, Over Expression, Blocking Assay

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: miRNA-720 Controls Stem Cell Phenotype, Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Cells

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083545

Figure Lengend Snippet: List of primer pairs used for real time RT-PCR analysis.

Article Snippet: DPCs were seeded in 96-well plates, transfected with anti-miR-720, mimic-miR-720 or the respective negative controls, and cultured for 24 h. Immunocytochemical analyses were performed according to methods described previously , using primary antibodies against DNMT1 , , DNMT3A , DNMT3B (Imgenex Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA), NANOG (ReproCELL, Boston, MA, USA) or isotype control IgG.

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: miRNA-720 Controls Stem Cell Phenotype, Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Cells

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083545

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) Quantitative assessment of miR-720 levels. *** P<0.001, One way ANOVA/Tukey. Results are representative of at least 3 independent experiments. B) mimic-miR-720 reduced mRNA levels of NANOG , but increased the levels of DNMT3B and DNMT1 mRNA. No significant changes were observed in DNMT3A mRNA upon miR-720 transfection. * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, NS = non-significant, unpaired t -test, compared to si-control group. Results are representative of at least 3 independent experiments. C) Representative images of immunocytochemistry for NANOG protein levels. D) Quantitative analysis of NANOG or DNMTs positive cells. Mimic-miR-720 significantly reduced the number of NANOG positive cells, while increasing those for DNMT3B. There was no significant change in the percentages of DNMT1 or DNMT3A positive cells. Results in C–D are representative of at least 3 independent experiments. Quantitative analysis was performed on 500 cells/well, with at least triplicate samples. * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, NS = non-significant, unpaired t -test, compared to si-control group. G) Transfection of mimic-miR-720 decreased the percentage of SSEA-4 + cells. Results are representative of 3 independent experiments.

Article Snippet: DPCs were seeded in 96-well plates, transfected with anti-miR-720, mimic-miR-720 or the respective negative controls, and cultured for 24 h. Immunocytochemical analyses were performed according to methods described previously , using primary antibodies against DNMT1 , , DNMT3A , DNMT3B (Imgenex Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA), NANOG (ReproCELL, Boston, MA, USA) or isotype control IgG.

Techniques: Transfection, Control, Immunocytochemistry

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: miRNA-720 Controls Stem Cell Phenotype, Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Cells

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083545

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) Quantitative assessment of the knockdown efficiency of miR-720. *** P<0.001, One way ANOVA/Tukey. Results are representative of at least 3 independent experiments. B) Knockdown of miR-720 increased the levels of NANOG transcripts, but reduced significantly the levels of DNMT3A , DNMT3B and DNMT1 transcripts. * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001, unpaired t -test, compared to si-control group. Results are representative of at least 3 independent experiments. C) Knockdown of miR-720 increased the percentage of cells positive for SSEA-4. Results are representative of 3 independent experiments. D) Quantitative immunocytochemical analysis of NANOG, and DNMTs positive cells upon knockdown of miR-720. Anti-miR-720 increased the percentage of NANOG positive cells, but induced no significant changes in the percentage of DNMTs positive cells. NS = non-significant, unpaired t -test, compared to si-control group. Results are representative of at least 3 independent experiments. Quantitative analysis was performed on 500 cells/well, at least with triplicate samples.

Article Snippet: DPCs were seeded in 96-well plates, transfected with anti-miR-720, mimic-miR-720 or the respective negative controls, and cultured for 24 h. Immunocytochemical analyses were performed according to methods described previously , using primary antibodies against DNMT1 , , DNMT3A , DNMT3B (Imgenex Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA), NANOG (ReproCELL, Boston, MA, USA) or isotype control IgG.

Techniques: Knockdown, Control